Wednesday 8 January 2014

Login Page In ASP.Net By Using C# code

Login Page In ASP.Net By Using C# code




using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Configuration;

public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page
{
    protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {

    }
    protected void Login1_Authenticate(object sender, AuthenticateEventArgs e)
    {

    }
    protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(@"data source=saibaba-pc\server; database=Genreal; integrated security=SSPI");
        SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("select * from registration where mailid=@mailid and password=@password",con);
        cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@mailid",TextBox1.Text);
        cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@password",TextBox2.Text);
        SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd);
        DataTable dt = new DataTable();
        da.Fill(dt);
        if (dt.Rows.Count > 0)
        {
            Response.Redirect("Default.aspx");
        }
        else
        {
            Label3.Text = "user id password invalid";
        }
    }
}

Tuesday 7 January 2014

Register Page In ASP.Net By Using C# code

Register Page In ASP.Net By Using C# code


------------------------------------C# Code----------------------------

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page
{
    protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {

    }
 
    protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(@"data source=saibaba-pc\server; database=Genreal; integrated security=SSPI");
//integrated security=SSPI means only for windows authentication
        con.Open();
        string username, password, mailid, phoneno;
        username=TextBox1.Text;
        password=TextBox2.Text;
        mailid = TextBox3.Text;
        phoneno= TextBox4.Text;
        string sqlinsert;
        sqlinsert = "insert into registration(username,password,mailid,phoneno) values('" + username + "','" + password + "','" + mailid + "'," + phoneno + ")";
        SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(sqlinsert,con);
        cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
        Label5.Text = "datails are saved";
       // con.Close();
    }
}




Monday 6 January 2014

MOBILE BANKING

ABSTRACT


MOBILE BANKING
A large multi-location bank wanted to extend mobile banking to its customer. It already had a robust Internet banking system in place. It was decided to roll out a mobile banking system (named mBank) in a phased manner.

The first version will include basic features like displaying a) account balance, b) last few transactions, c) sending push notifications for the transactions above a predetermined value (to be decided by the customer), and d) ATM locator. The integration with the banking system will be done using REST API over the internal secured LAN.


The application will only support automatic display of last few transactions along with available balance, push notification of transactions exceeding a predefined limit and locating the nearby ATM on the basis of the user’s current location.

Sunday 5 January 2014

Connection Strings in web.config configuration file (Part - 3)



Connection Strings in web.config configuration file  (Part - 3)

If we have 100 web forms In 1 application Instead of creating every time connection will be stored in web.config file

In an asp.net web application, the configuration strings can be stored in web.config file, as shown below. Give a meaningful name to your connection string. Since we are working with sql server, the provider name is System.Data.SqlClient.

If we have 100 web forms In 1 application Instead of creating every time connection will be stored in web.config file

<connectionStrings>  <add name="DatabaseConnectionString"
        connectionString="data source=.; database=Sample_Test_DB; Integrated Security=SSPI"
        providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
<connectionStrings>




Comming to the Visual studio Take an Grid view
Create a name space Like

using System.Configuration;

View Code In C#

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Configuration;

namespace WebApplication2
{
    public partial class WebForm2 : System.Web.UI.Page
    {
        protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {

              string ConnectionString = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["DatabaseConnectionString"].ConnectionString;
              using (SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection( ConnectionString ))

// Using is forced to close the conncetion so no need to close the conncetion 
                {
                     SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("Select * from tblProductInventory", con);
                     con.Open();
                     GridView1.DataSource = cmd.ExecuteReader();
                     GridView1.DataBind();
                }
        }
         
    }
}







1. Linear Convolution


1. Linear Convolution
AIM:
To verify Linear Convolution.
EQUIPMENTS:
Operating System – Windows XP
Constructor Simulator
Software - CCStudio 3 & MATLAB 7.5

PROGRAM:
% MATLAB program for linear convolution
%linear convolution program
clc;
clear all;
close all;
disp('linear convolution program');
x=input('enter i/p x(n):');
m=length(x);
h=input('enter i/p h(n):');
n=length(h);
x=[x,zeros(1,n)];
subplot(2,2,1), stem(x);
title('i/p sequence x(n)is:');
xlabel('---->n');
ylabel('---->x(n)');grid;
h=[h,zeros(1,m)];
subplot(2,2,2), stem(h);
title('i/p sequence h(n)is:');
xlabel('---->n');
ylabel('---->h(n)');grid;
disp('convolution of x(n) & h(n) is y(n):');
y=zeros(1,m+n-1);
for i=1:m+n-1
y(i)=0;
for j=1:m+n-1
if(j<i+1)
y(i)=y(i)+x(j)*h(i-j+1);
end
end
end
y
subplot(2,2,[3,4]),stem(y);
title('convolution of x(n) & h(n) is :');
xlabel('---->n');
ylabel('---->y(n)');grid;


Saturday 4 January 2014

2. Circular Convolution


2. Circular Convolution
AIM: To verify Circular Convolution.
EQUIPMENTS: Operating System – Windows XP    Constructor – Simulator
Software - CCStudio 3 & MATLAB 7.5

PROGRAM:
%circular convolution program
clc;
clear all;
close all;
disp('circular convolution program');
x=input('enter i/p x(n):');
m=length(x);
h=input('enter i/p sequence h(n)');
n=length(h);
subplot(2,2,1), stem(x);
title('i/p sequencce x(n)is:');
xlabel('---->n');
ylabel('---->x(n)');grid;
subplot(2,2,2), stem(h);
title('i/p sequencce h(n)is:');
xlabel('---->n');
ylabel('---->h(n)');grid;
disp('circular convolution of x(n) & h(n) is y(n):');
if(m-n~=0)
if(m>n)
h=[h,zeros(1,m-n)];
n=m;
end
x=[x,zeros(1,n-m)];
m=n;
end
y=zeros(1,n);
y(1)=0;
a(1)=h(1);
for j=2:n
a(j)=h(n-j+2);
end
%ciruclar conv
for i=1:n
y(1)=y(1)+x(i)*a(i);
end
for k=2:n
y(k)=0;
% circular shift
for j=2:n
x2(j)=a(j-1);
end
x2(1)=a(n);
for i=1:n
if(i<n+1)
a(i)=x2(i);
y(k)=y(k)+x(i)*a(i);
end
end
end
y
subplot(2,2,[3,4]),stem(y);
title('convolution of x(n) & h(n) is:');
xlabel('---->n');
ylabel('---->y(n)');grid;



3. FIR filters


 3. FIR filters
AIM
To verify FIR filters.
EQUIPMENTS:
Operating System – Windows XP
Constructor Simulator
Software - CCStudio 3 & MATLAB 7.5

PROGRAM:
%fir filt design window techniques
clc;
clear all;
close all;
rp=input('enter passband ripple');
rs=input('enter the stopband ripple');
fp=input('enter passband freq');
fs=input('enter stopband freq');
f=input('enter sampling freq ');
wp=2*fp/f;
ws=2*fs/f;
num=-20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem=14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n=ceil(num/dem);
n1=n+1;
if(rem(n,2)~=0)
n1=n;
n=n-1;
end
c=input('enter your choice of window function 1. rectangular 2. triangular 3.kaiser: \n ');
if(c==1)
y=rectwin(n1);
disp('Rectangular window filter response');
end
if (c==2)
y=triang(n1);
disp('Triangular window filter response');
end
if(c==3)
y=kaiser(n1);
disp('kaiser window filter response');
end
%LPF
b=fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);plot(o/pi,m);
title('LPF');
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(a) Normalized frequency-->');

%HPF
b=fir1(n,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);plot(o/pi,m);
title('HPF');
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(b) Normalized frequency-->');
%BPF
wn=[wp ws];
b=fir1(n,wn,y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,3);plot(o/pi,m);
title('BPF');
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(c) Normalized frequency-->');
%BSF
b=fir1(n,wn,'stop',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,4);plot(o/pi,m);
title('BSF');
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
xlabel('(d) Normalized frequency-->');


4. IIR filters


4. IIR filters
AIM
To design and implement IIR (LPF/HPF)filters.
EQUIPMENTS:
Operating System – Windows XP
Constructor Simulator
Software - CCStudio 3 & MATLAB 7.5
PROGRAM:
% IIR filters LPF & HPF
clc;
clear all;
close all;
disp('enter the IIR filter design specifications');
rp=input('enter the passband ripple');
rs=input('enter the stopband ripple');
wp=input('enter the passband freq');
ws=input('enter the stopband freq');
fs=input('enter the sampling freq');
w1=2*wp/fs;w2=2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s');
c=input('enter choice of filter 1. LPF 2. HPF \n ');
if(c==1)
disp('Frequency response of IIR LPF is:');
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'low','s');
end
if(c==2)
disp('Frequency response of IIR HPF is:');
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'high','s');
end
w=0:.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqs(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
figure,subplot(2,1,1);plot(om/pi,m);
title('magnitude response of IIR filter is:');
xlabel('(a) Normalized freq. -->');
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an);
title('phase response of IIR filter is:');
xlabel('(b) Normalized freq. -->');
ylabel('Phase in radians-->');


5. Fast Fourier Transform


5Fast Fourier Transform
AIM:
To verify Fast Fourier Transform.
EQUIPMENTS:
Operating System – Windows XP
Constructor Simulator
Software - CCStudio 3 & MATLAB 7.5
PROGRAM:
%fast fourier transform
clc;
clear all;
close all;
tic;
x=input('enter the sequence');
n=input('enter the length of fft');
%compute fft
disp('fourier transformed signal');
X=fft(x,n)
subplot(1,2,1);stem(x);
title('i/p signal');
xlabel('n --->');
ylabel('x(n) -->');grid;
subplot(1,2,2);stem(X);
title('fft of i/p x(n) is:');
xlabel('Real axis --->');
ylabel('Imaginary axis -->');grid;

Friday 3 January 2014

6. Power Spectral Density


 6Power Spectral Density
AIM:
To verify Power Spectral Density
EQUIPMENTS:
Operating System – Windows XP
Constructor Simulator
Software - CCStudio 3 & MATLAB 7.5

PROGRAM:
%Power spectral density
t = 0:0.001:0.6;
x = sin(2*pi*50*t)+sin(2*pi*120*t);
y = x + 2*randn(size(t));
figure,plot(1000*t(1:50),y(1:50))
title('Signal Corrupted with Zero-Mean Random Noise')
xlabel('time (milliseconds)');
Y = fft(y,512);
%The power spectral density, a measurement of the energy at various frequencies, is:
Pyy = Y.* conj(Y) / 512;
f = 1000*(0:256)/512;
figure,plot(f,Pyy(1:257))
title('Frequency content of y');
xlabel('frequency (Hz)');

7. Sum of Sinusoidal Signals


7Sum of Sinusoidal Signals
AIM:
To verify Sum of Sinusoidal Signals using MATLAB
EQUIPMENTS:
Operating System – Windows XP
Constructor Simulator
Software - CCStudio 3 & MATLAB 7.5

PROGRAM:
% sum of sinusoidal signals
clc;
clear all;
close all;
tic;
%giving linear spaces
t=0:.01:pi;
% t=linspace(0,pi,20);
%generation of sine signals
y1=sin(t);
y2=sin(3*t)/3;
y3=sin(5*t)/5;
y4=sin(7*t)/7;
y5=sin(9*t)/9;
y = sin(t) + sin(3*t)/3 + sin(5*t)/5 + sin(7*t)/7 + sin(9*t)/9;
plot(t,y,t,y1,t,y2,t,y3,t,y4,t,y5);
legend('y','y1','y2','y3','y4','y5');
title('generation of sum of sinusoidal signals');grid;
ylabel('---> Amplitude');
xlabel('---> t');
toc;


8. LPF & HPF



8. LPF & HPF
AIM:
To verify response of analog LPF & HPF using MATLAB
EQUIPMENTS:
Operating System – Windows XP
Constructor - Simulator
Software - CCStudio 3 & MATLAB 7.5

 PROGRAM:
% IIR filters LPF & HPF
clc;
clear all;
close all;
warning off;
disp('enter the IIR filter design specifications');
rp=input('enter the passband ripple');
rs=input('enter the stopband ripple');
wp=input('enter the passband freq');
ws=input('enter the stopband freq');
fs=input('enter the sampling freq');
w1=2*wp/fs;w2=2*ws/fs;
[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s');
c=input('enter choice of filter 1. LPF 2. HPF \n ');
if(c==1)
disp('Frequency response of IIR LPF is:');
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'low','s');
end
if(c==2)
disp('Frequency response of IIR HPF is:');
[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'high','s');
end
w=0:.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqs(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
figure,subplot(2,1,1);plot(om/pi,m);
title('magnitude response of IIR filter is:');
xlabel('(a) Normalized freq. -->');
ylabel('Gain in dB-->');
subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an);
title('phase response of IIR filter is:');
xlabel('(b) Normalized freq. -->');

ylabel('Phase in radians-->');

Thursday 2 January 2014

What is ADO.NET ? (Part - 1)


What is ADO.NET ? 

What is ADO.NET?

ADO.NET is not a different technology. In simple terms, you can think of ADO.NET, as a set of classes (Framework), that can be used to interact with data sources like Databases and XML files. This data can, then be consumed in any .NET application. ADO stands for Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects.

The following are, a few of the different types of .NET applications that use ADO.NET to connect to a database, execute commands, and retrieve data.
ASP.NET Web Applications
Windows Applications
Console Applications

What are .NET Data Providers?
Databases only understand SQL. If a .NET application (Web, Windows, Console etc..) has to retrieve data, then the application needs to
1. Connect to the Database
2. Prepare an SQL Command
3. Execute the Command
4. Retrieve the results and display in the application

Sample ADO.NET code to connect to SQL Server Database and retrieve data.Notice that we are using SQLConnection, SQLCommand and SQLDataReaderclasses . All the objects are prefixed with the word SQL. All these classes are present inSystem.Data.SqlClient namespace. So, we can say that the .NET data provider for SQL Server is System.Data.SqlClient.

------
Step 1.Take an Grid View In Webform

--------------------------------------------------C# Code -------------------------------------------------
Step 2.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace WebApplication2
{
    public partial class WebForm2 : System.Web.UI.Page
    {
        protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection("data source=.; database=Sample; integrated security=SSPI");

            // Here "." indicates connect tolocal instance of sql server
            // database = database name in sequal server 
            //SSIP means we are using windows authentication

            SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("Select * from tblProduct", con);
            // tblProduct = table from the sample database and give connection to the database con
            con.Open();
            // opening the connection 
            SqlDataReader rdr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
            // ExecuteReader() means retreving the data from database
            GridView1.DataSource = rdr; // assigning the data to gridview
            GridView1.DataBind();
            con.Close();
        }
    }
}

---------------------------------------------END OF C# CODE-----------------------------------------

OUTPUT 



SQLConnection object in ADO.NET (Part - 2)

SQLConnection object in ADO.NET (Part - 2)


Step 1.Take an Grid View In Webform

--------------------------------------------------C# Code -------------------------------------------------
Step 2

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace WebApplication2
{
    public partial class WebForm2 : System.Web.UI.Page
    {
        protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {

            SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(@"data source=saibaba-pc\server; database=Genreal; integrated security=SSPI");
            try
            {
                SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("Select * from Mobiles",con);
                con.Open();
                SqlDataReader rdr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
                GridView1.DataSource = rdr;
                GridView1.DataBind();
            }
            catch
            {

            }
            finally
            {
                con.Close();
            }
       
        }
    }
}

---------------------------------------------END OF C# CODE-----------------------------------------



Wednesday 1 January 2014

Robotic surgery

ABSTRACT

Robotic surgery make use of Robots to perform surgery. Major potential advantages of robotic surgery are precision and miniaturization. With our skilled surgeons and the robotic system, we can now use minimally invasive techniques in even the most complicated procedures like Cardiac surgery, Gastrointestinal surgery, Gynecology, Neurosurgery, Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Urology etc.
The software is "command central" for the device's operation, da Vinci, Aesop, Hermes etc. are different kinds of the Robotic systems. The combination of increased view and tireless dexterity is helping us to overcome some of the limitations of other types of less invasive surgery.
1. INTRODUCTION



Robotic surgery is the use of robots in performing surgery. Major potential advantages of robotic surgery are precision and miniaturization. Further advantages are articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification. At present, surgical robots are not autonomous, but are always under the control of a surgeon. They are used as tools to extend the surgical skills of a trained surgeon.

Robotic surgery is different from minimally invasive surgery. Minimally invasive surgery (sometimes called laparoscopic surgery) is a general term for procedures that reduce trauma by performing operations through small ports rather than large incisions. Minimally invasive surgery is now commonplace for certain procedures. But until now, we haven't been able to use minimally invasive techniques for more complex operations. With our skilled surgeons and the robotic system, we can now use minimally invasive techniques in even the most complicated procedures like Cardiac surgery, Gastrointestinal surgery, Gynecology, Neurosurgery, Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Urology etc.
2. HISTORY

In 1985 a robot, the PUMA 560, was used to place a needle for a hip replacement Intuitive Surgical System introduce the da Vinci Robot in 1995 and Computer Motion, AESOP and the ZEUS robotic surgical system.. In 1988, the PROBOT was used to perform prostatic surgery in England. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems was introduced in 1992, and is a robot to mill out precise fittings in the surgery. In 2001, Marescaux used the Zeus robot to perform a surgery.

3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS

Computer Motion of Santa Barbara California has become the leading producer of medical robotics. Different types of robots are da Vinci, Aesop, Hermes, and Zeus.
The da Vinci Surgical System was the first operative surgical robot. Products like Aesop, Hermes, and Zeus are the next generation of surgical equipment and are used together to create a highly networked and efficient operating room.


3.1. da Vinci Surgical System

Incorporating the latest advancements in robotics and computer technology, the da Vinci Surgical System was the first operative surgical robot deemed safe and effective by the United States Food and Drug Administration for actually performing surgery.

The da Vinci system was developed by Intuitive Surgical system, which was established in 1995. Its founders used robotic surgery technology that had been developed at SRI International, previously known as Stanford Research Institute. The FDA approved da Vinci in May 2001

The da Vinci is a surgical robot enabling surgeons to perform complex surgeries in a minimally invasive way, in a manner never before experienced to enhance healing and promote well-being. It is used in over 300 hospitals in the America and Europe. The da Vinci was used in at least 16,000 procedures in 2004 and sells for about 1.2 million dollars.
Until very recently surgeons options included traditional surgery with a large open incision or laparoscopy, which uses small incisions but is typically limited to very simple procedures. The da Vinci Surgical System provides surgeons with an alternative to both traditional open surgery and conventional laparoscopy, putting a
surgeon's hands at the controls ofa state-of-the-art robotic platform. The da Vinci System enables surgeons to perform even the most complex and delicate procedures through very small incisions with unmatched precision. It is important to know that surgery with da Vinci does not place a robot at the controls; surgeon is controlling every aspect of the surgery with the assistance of the da Vinci robotic platform. Thus da Vinci is changing the experience of surgery for the surgeon, the hospital and most importantly for the patient.


3.2.    Aesop

Aesop's function is quite simple merely to maneuver a tiny video camera inside the patient according to voice controls provided by the surgeon. By doing so, Aesop has eliminated the need for a member of the surgical team to hold the endoscope in order for a surgeon to view his operative field in a closed chest procedure. This advance marked a major development in closed chest or port-access bypass techniques, as surgeons could now directly and precisely control their operative field of view. Today about 1/3 of all minimally invasive procedures use Aesop to control an endoscope. Considering each Aesop machine can handle 240 cases a year, only 17,000 machines are needed to handle all minimally invasive procedures a relatively small number considering the benefits of this technology.


3.3.    Zeus

Zeus is the youngest and most technically advanced robotic aid. Zeus contains robotic arms that mimic conventional surgical equipment and a viewing monitor that gives the surgeon a view of his operative field. More importantly, Zeus enables a surgeon to operate on a patient using joystick like handles which translate the surgeon's hand movements into precise micro-movements inside the patient. For example a 1-cm movement by a surgeon's hand is translated into a .1 cm movement of the surgical tip held by a robotic arm. Zeus also has the unique capability of reducing human hand tremor and greatly increasing the dexterity of the surgeon. Zeus allows surgeons to go beyond the limits of MIS enabling a new class of delicate procedures currently impossible to perform. The main disadvantage is high machine cost. It is around 1 million dollars. Its FDA approval is pending.



3.4. Hermes

Unlike Aesop and Zeus, Hermes does not use robot arms to make the Operating Room more efficient. Rather Hermes is platform designed to network the OR, integrating surgical devices, which can be controlled by simple voice commands. Many pieces of surgical equipment are outside the range of sterility for the surgeon and must be manipulated by a surgical staff while Hermes enables all needed equipment to be directly under the surgeon's control. Hermes can integrate tables, lights, video cameras and surgical equipment decreasing the time and cost of surgery. Ultimately Hermes decreases the need for a large surgical staff and facilitates the establishment of a networked, highly organized OR. Ultimately Computer Motion is working to bring Hermes into 84,000 operating rooms worldwide
4. WORKING OF ROBOTIC SYSTEM

Today's robotics devices typically have a computer software component that controls the movement of mechanical parts of the device as it acts on something in its environment The software is "command central" for the device's operation.

Surgeon sits in the console of the surgical system several feet from the patient. He looks through the vision system - like a pair of binoculars - and gets a huge, 3-D view of inside the patient's body and area of the operation.

The surgeon, while watching through the vision system, moves the handles on the console in the directions he wants to move the surgical instruments. The handles make it easier for the surgeon to make precise movements and operate for long periods of time without getting tired.

The robotic system translates and transmits these precise hand and wrist movements to tiny instruments that have been inserted into the patient through small access incisions.

This combination of increased view and tireless dexterity is helping us overcome some of the limitations of other types of less invasive surgery. It's also allowing us to finally use minimally invasive surgery for more complex operations.



Figure. 1: Operating Room



The working of da Vinci is explained as follows.

There are four main components to da Vinci: the surgeon console, patient-side cart, Endo Wrist Instruments, and Insite Vision System with high resolution 3D Endoscope and Image Processing Equipment


Figure.2: da Vinci Surgical System

4.1. Surgeon Console

The surgeon is situated at this console several feet away from the patient operating table. The surgeon has his head tilted forward and his hands inside the system's master interface. The surgeon sits viewing a magnified three- dimensional image of the surgical field with a real-time progression of the instruments as he operates. The instrument controls enable the surgeon to move within a one cubic foot area of workspace.


Figure.3: Surgeon Console


4.2. Patient-side Cart

This component of the system contains the robotic arms that directly contact the patient. It consists of two or three instrument arms and one endoscope arm. As of 2003, Intuitive launched a fourth arm, costing $175,000, as a part of a new system installation or as an upgrade to an existing unit. It provides the advantages of being able to manipulate another instrument for complex procedures and removes the need for one operating room nurse.



4.3. Detachable Instruments

The Endowrist detachable instruments allow the robotic arms to maneuver in ways that simulate fine human movements. Each instrument has its own function from suturing to clamping, and is switched from one to the other using quick-release levers on each robotic arm. The device memorizes the position of the robotic arm before the instrument is replaced so that the second one can be reset to the exact same position as the first. The instruments' abilities to rotate in full circles provide an advantage over non-robotic arms. The seven degrees of freedom (meaning the number of independent movements the robot can perform) offers considerable choice in rotation and pivoting. Moreover, the surgeon is also able to control the amount of force applied, which varies from a fraction of an ounce to several pounds. The Intuitive Masters technology also has the ability to filter out hand tremors and scale movements. As a result, the surgeon's large hand movements can be translated into smaller ones by the robotic device. Carbon dioxide is usually pumped into the body cavity to make more room for the robotic arms to maneuver.


Figure.5: Robotic Arm



4.4. 3-D Vision System

The camera unit or endoscope arm provides enhanced three-dimensional images. This high-resolution real-time magnification showing the inside of the patient allows the surgeon to have a considerable advantage over regular surgery. The system provides over a thousand frames of the instrument position per second and filters each image through a video processor that eliminates background noise. The endoscope is programmed to regulate the temperature of the endoscope tip automatically to prevent fogging during the operation. Unlike The Navigator Control, it also enables the surgeon to quickly switch views through the use of a simple foot pedal.
5. ADVANTAGES


Robotic surgery offers many benefits over traditional surgery. The Robotic Surgical System is great for patients and for surgeons. Robotic surgery gives us even greater vision, dexterity and precision than possible with standard minimally invasive surgery, so we can now use minimally invasive techniques for a wider range of procedures. The patient side benefits include,
          Reduced pain and trauma
          Fewer complications
          Less blood loss and need for transfusions
          Less post-operative pain and discomfort
          Less risk of infection
          Shorter hospital stay
          Faster recovery and return to work
          Less scarring and improved appearance

6. LIMITATIONS
          Current equipment is expensive to obtain, maintain, and operate.
          Surgeons and staff need special training.
          Data collection of procedures and their outcomes remains limited.

7. CONCLUSION

Robotic surgery is an emerging technology in the medical field. It gives us even greater vision, dexterity and precision than possible with standard minimally invasive surgery, so we can now use minimally invasive techniques for a wider range of procedures. But it's main drawback is high cost. Besides the cost, Robotic System still has many obstacles that it must overcome before it can be fully integrated into the existing healthcare system. More improvements in size, tactile sensation, cost, and are expected for the future

8. REFERENCE
          www.stronghealth.com
          www.computermotion.coin
          www.intuitivesurgical.com -
          www.ctsuse.edu com
          www.cn.wikipedia.org
CONTENTS
1.   INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1
2.   HISTORY................................................................................................. 2
3.   DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS.......................................................... 3

3.1.     DA VINCI SURGICAL SYSTEM................................................................ 3
3.2.     AESOP........................................................................................... 4
3.3.     ZEUS............................................................................................. 4
3.4.     HERMES.......................................................................................... 5
4.  WORKING OF ROBOTIC SYSTEM...................................................................... 6
4.1.      SURGEON CONSOLE............................................................................ 9
4.2.      PATIENT-SIDE CART............................................................................ 9
4.3.      DETACHABLE INSTRUMENTS............................................................... 10
4.4. 3-D VISION SYSTEM............................................................................... 11
5.   ADVANTAGES........................................................................................... 12
6.   LIMITATIONS........................................................................................... 13
7.   CONCLUSION........................................................................................... 14
8.   REFERENCE............................................................................................ 15